| A
Problem-Based Approach to Web-Based Corporate Learning
Cher
Ping, Lim*, Seng Chee, Tan, and Jeffrey Klimas
C/- National Institute
of Education
Nanyang Technological University
1 Nanyang Walk
Singapore
637616
cplim@nie.edu.sg
* First Author Diagram
PDF Abstract This paper questions the pedagogy behind
some existing Web-based Corporate Learning (WBCL), and proposes the adoption of
a problem-based learning (PBL) approach to WBCL as pedagogically sound. The proposed
WBCL model is based on scaffolding the PBL processes with the aid of a type of
concept map. The model was applied in the design and development of an `Effective
Communication' course for junior managers of Frima1,
a multinational company based in Shanghai, China. The descriptive account of this
process highlights several real-world implications for the major stakeholders
of WBCL: WBCL service providers, human resource managers, and knowledge workers. Introduction In
a fast-changing world where knowledge is always shifting, lifelong learning is
no longer a buzzword for corporations, but rather, a basic necessity for their
survival in the market place. Web-based corporate learning (WBCL) is seen as helping
corporations meet their growing demands for adaptable workers who can readily
acquire needed skills; and it meantime supports the continued expansion of knowledge.
It is also believed that this Internet-supported learning innovation allows workers
to learn anywhere and anytime, promotes active and independent learning, and supports
communication between experts and novices. This on-going corporate learning is
an important strategy to sustain growth in corporations. Corporations are
already shifting many of their traditional courses online. WBCL leverages on the
unique attributes of the Internet, such as hyperlinks, chat lines and online communities.
These Internet technologies, however, are often used to administer the kind of
teaching and learning activities traditionally mediated by a teacher at a chalkboard,
a textbook prior to a lecture, or a worksheet with multiple choice questions.
The tools mediating the activities may have changed over the years, but many of
the methods employed remain constant. Learners are often treated as passive recipients
of information, while web-based learning resources take on the roles of an information
dispenser, an authoritative expert, and a fountainhead of information and knowledge. It
is a fallacy then to assume that the mere presence of sophisticated Internet technologies
will enhance corporate learning. In this paper, the authors first explore the
opportunities of Internet technologies for corporate learning, and identify problem-based
learning (PBL) as an alternative approach in successful WBCL. By constructing
a WBCL model that reproduces the technological, social, time and motivational
characteristics of real world problems, learners are no longer treated as vessels
to be filled with knowledge, but rather, as self-directed learners. Learners are
first presented with an authentic problem situation in their working context and
linked to many other smaller problems, using a concept map. By working through
each sub-problem, mediated by the concept map, learners are guided to the solutions
of these problems. A synthesis of the solutions of the smaller problems leads
to the solution of the main problem. Therefore, learners are actively seeking
out and analysing new knowledge in the context of their work. This paper
also provides a descriptive account of how the WBCL model is applied in the design
and development of an `Effective Communication' course for junior managers of
a multinational company based in Shanghai, China. The design and development of
the course was carried out by the content and multimedia development team of 12Learn,
a WBCL service provider based in Shanghai, together with the managers of Frima
and the authors. The account highlights the opportunities and limitations of the
PBL model for WBCL and suggests important implications for human resource managers,
knowledge workers and WBCL solution providers. Web-Based Corporate Learning
(WBCL) WBCL employs the "use of Internet technologies to deliver
a broad array of solutions that enhance knowledge and performance" (Rosenberg,
2001, p.28). These learning solutions may be delivered asynchronous or synchronous
over the Internet to the learners' computers. There are several push and pull
factors towards using Internet technologies in corporate learning. The main push
factors include the failure of traditional educational institutions and courses
to meet up with the demand for continuous learning in corporations; and the high
running costs for these corporations to conduct the courses themselves. The main
pull factors of WBCL include its anywhere/anytime accessibility and communication
that provide up-to-date information and promote just-in-time learning, and its
non-linearity that caters for learners' needs and styles. Despite the hype
of WBCL, doubts have been raised in various reports and articles about the real
benefits of WBCL (Peters, 1999; Delio, 2000; Kruse, 2000; Lim, 2001). Many
WBCL courses have attempted to replicate traditional learning and teaching media.
For example, from textbooks to online books, or from overhead transparencies to
Powerpoint slides. Content knowledge is organised, arranged and presented in a
way to maximise learning, hopefully. Such methods place authoritative information
before learners, rather than encourage them to actively seek out knowledge, interpret
results and test hypotheses. There are few interactions between participants in
these WBCL courses. The Problem-Based Learning (PBL) PBL is
not a new concept. Since its introduction in American medical schools in the early
1970s, other fields such as engineering, law, and business have adopted PBL to
prepare or upgrade their professionals. Unlike traditional direct instruction,
PBL begins with the presentation of an authentic and meaningful problem at which
learning centres. These problems serve as springboards for inquiry, information-gathering,
and reflection of theoretical concepts and relationships, industrial standards,
norms and practices, and company expectations and culture. PBL offers an alternative
instructional approach that motivates learners to engage in authentic problem
solving and develop skills required for lifelong independent learning (Hu &
Wong, 2000). What is PBL? Torp and Sage (1998) define PBL
as a curriculum development and instructional system that simultaneously develops
problem solving strategies and disciplinary knowledge bases and skills by placing
learners in the active role of problem solvers confronted with an ill-structured
problem that mirrors real-world problems. The ill-structured problem is messy
and complex in nature, with no fixed and "right" solution. Some examples
of ill-structured problems in the `Effective Communication' course include:
You have just been appointed as a junior manager in your sales team. During
the first management meeting, new initiatives for boosting sales were formulated.
These initiatives involved discarding and refining many of the existing practices.
As a manager of a sales team, how are you going to communicate these initiatives
to your team? You overheard two of your IT staff complaining about the
lack of clarity of your expectations and instructions. They agreed that you were
task-oriented and friendly but commented on your inability to communicate your
ideas and instructions effectively. They also said that many of the staff were
often at a loss on what to do and how to proceed. What do you think has gone wrong?
How do you intend to address the problem? In the two examples
above, the participants of the course are expected to access new information,
critically appraise it, and apply it to the problem they are presented with -
taking into account the context that they are in and hence convert "raw knowledge
into professional wisdom" (Dixon, 2000, p.41). The five defining characteristics
of PBL are: -
The starting point for learning is a problem;
-
The problem is one that learners are likely to face in their
present or future work environment;
-
The subject matter is
organised around problems rather than disciplines;
-
The learners
assume a major responsibility of their own learning; and -
Most
learning occurs within the context of small groups rather than lectures (Jonas,
Etzel and Barzansky, 1989). Rationales of PBL PBL
addresses the assumptions about learning. It creates a learning environment that
reproduces the technological, social, time, and motivational characteristics of
real world situations where what is learnt will be used; and hence, addresses
the problem of inert knowledge. Learners are no longer treated as vessels to be
filled with knowledge or passive receivers of wisdom. The main rationales for
using PBL in corporate learning include: -
Making knowledge or
theory more applicable to different real-world problem situations (Norman &
Schmidt, 1992); and
-
Encouraging independent lifelong learning
(Brine & Shannon, 1994). By presenting authentic problem situations
in context, research studies have shown that learners are more likely to learn
when, where, and how the knowledge can be applied to other situations (Coles,
1985; Schmidt, Dauphinee, & Patel, 1987; Brine & Shannon, 1994). That
is, PBL engages learners in their learning process in ways that are similar to
the ways in which knowledge will be recalled and employed in future situations,
and assesses learning in ways that demonstrate understanding and not mere acquisition
(Gick, 1986). Research studies have also shown that PBL allows learners
to be more engaged in learning because they are hard-wired to respond to dissonance
and because they feel they are empowered to have an impact on the outcome of the
investigation (deVries, Schmidt, & deGraaff, 1989). This in turn promotes
metacognition and self-regulated learning by asking learners to generate their
own strategies for problem definition, information gathering, data-analysis, and
hypothesis-building and testing, comparing these strategies against and sharing
them with other learners' and mentors' strategies (Boud & Feletti, 1991).
Therefore, with the responsibility of managing a largely self-directed learning
process, learners are better equipped to take on the responsibilities of professionals
who are lifelong learners (Brine & Shannon, 1994). Many of these studies
drew upon modern theories of adult learning that dated back to 1946 when Malcolm
Knowles was an educational director for the Young Men's Christian Association.
His initial observations and later research led to a landmark book in 1970 titled
The Modern Practice of Adult Education: Andragogy versus Pedagogy. Knowles's
(1970) theories of adult learning are complex, but his conclusions are just as
valid in today's context as they were more than 30 years ago. His conclusions
that support the rationale for the PBL approach in corporate training include:
-
Adults need to know why they're learning something; they must
believe it will have a personal benefit;
-
Adults have
lifetime experiences that should be tapped and built upon;
-
Adults learn best from hands-on, problem-solving approaches to learning; and
-
Adults will expect to apply new knowledge and skills immediately,
which will aid retention. A PBL Model for WBCL Given
the opportunities for making knowledge more applicable to the real-world context
and for encouraging independent lifelong learning, the authors suggest that the
adoption of a PBL model for WBCL will address many of the problems of existing
WBCL courses. Moreover, Internet technologies offer PBL opportunities such as
learner control, anywhere/anytime learning, just-in-time learning, and virtual
reality through multimedia presentations and simulations. Therefore, by harnessing
on the strength of PBL and vice versa, a PBL model for WBCL offers a pedagogically
sound alternative to existing models of WBCL. Incorporating Concept Maps
into PBL It must be noted, however, that one of the greatest concerns
of the PBL approach is the inherent difficulties with PBL as a mode of learning
(Albanese & Mitchell, 1993). Perkins (1991) points out three broad ways in
which the problem-based mode of learning makes strong demands on learners:
-
Cognitive complexity is high as problems are authentic; and learners are
expected to test concepts against reality;
-
Task management
is increased as learners are expected to exhibit learning independence; and
-
Failure to "buy into" the PBL approach, as learners
are incapable of adopting such a vastly different paradigm of learning. The
demands on learners in a PBL environment point to the need for scaffolding. Scaffolding
is the support that enables learners to achieve a goal or action that may not
be possible without that support. It is also the support that helps the learner
learn how to achieve the goal or action, without the support, in the future (Guzdial,
1994). In the PBL environment, the scaffolding acts as a schema or knowledge-based
representation that contains the typical problem goal, constraints, and solutions
procedures useful for that type of problem (Gick, 1986). Visual representations
of the scaffolding can be provided by concept maps that organise the problems
and bits of knowledge in networks that are inter-connected and inter-related.
Knowledge bits are pieces of instruction that can be viewed on the web as a text
block, diagram, animation, movie or other object. These bits are related to each
other and they may be viewed together, but they may also be viewed singly. Research
studies have shown that concept maps have been used successfully in classrooms
to encourage learners to organise their knowledge about a content domain and to
be explicit about the nature of relationships between ideas (Spoehr, 1994). Concept
mapping also forces learners to identify, verify and classify important concepts,
describe the relationship between concepts and assess its meaning, analyse the
nature of the relationship, and form the link or connection within or across content
domains (Jonassen, 1996). As compared to the concept maps used in these
studies that are learner-generated, the concept maps generated in this paper are
to be generated by the web development team. The use of concept maps in a PBL
environment facilitates the learning process by constructing a representation
of the focal problem, linking the problem into sub-problems, and connecting these
problems to appropriate bits of knowledge. Therefore, the incorporation of concept
maps into PBL ensures that by placing the control of the learning process at the
fingertips of learners, they are not abandoned and left to deal with the complexities
of a real-world context on their own. Concept maps can be easily incorporated
into a web-based environment to support PBL. When learners access a topic or module,
he/she is presented with a concept map that includes the main problem, its sub-problems
and their respective knowledge bits. There may be different levels of sub-problems,
depending on the complexity of the main problem. The hyperlink feature of the
Internet allows for learner control as learners work through the problems in a
non-linear way, according to their prior knowledge and learning style. By
working through the networks of sub-problems and their knowledge bits, the learners
have then to integrate knowledge from the extensive network of knowledge bits
to solve the focus problem. That is, the whole learning process of the PBL model
of WBCL is driven by main problems, and supported by concept maps that network
the problems and their knowledge bits. And hence, learners are more likely to
engage in their learning process and also become more self-directed in their learning.
A concept map of the PBL model for WBCL is presented in Figure 1. Diagram
PDF A Case Study of Using the PBL Model for WBCL To
illustrate how the model can be adopted in a web-based course, this section provides
a descriptive and interpretive account of the planning and development of a web-based
course on `Effective Communication'. The general objective of the course is to
equip junior managers of Frima, a Shanghai-based multinational manufacturing company,
with effective communication skills. Effective communication at the managerial
position means that the communicator's message must lead to the response he/she
desires from his/her audience. 12learn, a business-to-business (B2B) e-learning
consultant based in Shanghai that offers a host of customised learning solutions,
was asked to develop such a course. In consultation with the first author,
12learn decided to adopt the PBL model for WBCL in its design of the course. The
first author and 12learn had been constructing and fine-tuning the model over
the past three months, and felt that they were ready to bring it from theory to
practice. More importantly, the course objective was appropriate for the adoption
of the PBL model because of the necessity of transferability of communication
skills across situations. By presenting an authentic problem situation in the
working context of the junior managers, they would be more likely to learn when,
where, and how the communication skills could be applied to other situations. Identifying
and Presenting the Problem Since the problem is one of the defining
characteristics of PBL, a considerable amount of time and effort is devoted to
choosing a focal problem for the course. The team consists of the human resource
manager and two middle-level managers from Frima, the content expert and two multimedia
developers from 12learn, and the authors. Each member of the team has a crucial
role in the design and development process. The managers from Frima help in identifying
the focal problem, based on their own experiences in the company as managers.
This ensures relevance and complexity of the focal problem so that it deals with
situations learners are most likely to face in the future. The content
expert validates the process by ensuring that the problem has enough integrative
value and coverage to allow learners to discover and integrate all components
of effective communication: communicator strategy, audience strategy, message
strategy, channel choice strategy, and cultural context strategy. The multimedia
developers then consider the modes of presenting the problem: text-based case
study (with or without graphics), simulation game, and role play. The authors
acted as consultants and facilitators throughout the design and development processes.
Based on the general objective of equipping learners with effective communication
skills, the team decided on the following focal problem to be presented as a role
play, with the intention of allowing learners to recognise the salient visual,
auditory, and non-verbal cues: You overheard two of your IT
staff complaining about the lack of clarity of your expectations and instructions.
They agreed that you were task-oriented and friendly but commented on your inability
to communicate your ideas and instructions effectively. They also said that many
of the staff were often at a loss on what to do and how to proceed. What do you
think has gone wrong? How do you intend to address the problem? Pre-structuring
the Problem The focal problem was then broken up into sub-problems or
guiding questions. The team decided that a high degree of pre-structuring or scaffolding
was needed due to two factors. The first factor was that the learners might have
difficulty making the transition to PBL and scaffolding was needed to allow them
to become more comfortable and more familiar with PBL. A second factor was the
lack of resources, including learners' access to library resources and relevant
experts, and learners' time to work through the problem. The guiding questions
were all linked up to the focal problem. Some of the related questions were also
interlinked. The questions included the following: -
What is the
message strategy that I should employ?
-
How can I organise
a strategic message?
-
What must I emphasise in the message?
(This question is linked to the next one)
-
What are my
objectives as a communicator? (This question is linked to the previous question
and the next one)
-
Who are my audience? Linked
to each guiding question or sub-problem, the content expert provided a web of
knowledge bits. In this paper, knowledge bits are defined as small packages of
information, ideas or examples that are embedded or linked to the problems or
other knowledge bits. The concept map provided a platform for these bits to be
linked to one another, as well as to the problems. The multimedia developers then
explored different multimedia elements to represent and organise the problems
and bits. The managers of Frima provided company specific information and examples
to ensure a more authentic learning experience. Once the concept map had
been finalised, the team started working on the storyboard to prepare and format
the materials towards the instructional objectives, given the web-authoring program
(Dreamweaver), multimedia tools and concept map. The storyboard was a visual representation
of the series of webpages that contained the focal problem, guiding questions
or knowledge bits. The storyboard helped the team to organise the instructional
design efforts, ensure the coherence of materials presented, and track what must
be done in every step of the planned learning experience. With the completion
of the storyboard, the multimedia development team took over the process. Issues
for Implementations of PBL in WBCL Although the application of the PBL
model in the web-based `Effective Communication' course is still at its development
phase, the team has identified several essential issues that might undermine the
success rate of implementing PBL in WBCL with respect to the following. Target
Audience The PBL approach requires a profound change in learner's attitude
and the way they learn. Most learners are only familiar with traditional direct
instruction that requires them to listen, transcribe, absorb, and repeat. They
may be incapable of learning in a vastly different paradigm of instruction where
they are expected to assume increasing responsibility for their learning. When
faced with such changes, learners may feel frustrated in not getting information
or solutions to problems directly from the instructor, and having to think harder.
To make extra effort to search for the solutions themselves may exacerbate their
frustration. A related issue is how the learners perceive the nature of
knowledge. Many learners went through their formal education in schools where
solving well-structured textbook problems was a regular activity. For this type
of problem, there is always a single correct answer, and the teacher might even
insist that the problem be solved in certain ways. One of the consequences is
the perception that there is always a single correct solution to any problem,
and such perception might be deeply entrenched in working adults. However, real
life problems may be ill-defined or ill-structured, may have different solutions,
and may require stakeholders to negotiate, taking into account the contextual
factors (Kitchener & King, 1981; Kitchener, 1983; Voss, 1988). Thus, when
faced with ill-structured problems in PBL, the learners may be perturbed by the
uncertainty of several possible solutions. Human Resource Manager While
PBL is an approach that focuses on the effectiveness of transfer of learning such
that learners can readily apply their knowledge to real-life context (Voss, 1988),
this model is affected by the efficiency of instruction. It is much easier and
faster to adopt the didactic chalk-and-talk method to cover the syllabus of the
course than it is to prompt, to guide, to encourage active participation of learners
and to facilitate their discussions. In addition, the traditional model focuses
on pre-set instructional objectives and a congruent set of objective assessment
questions. The outcome of instruction is manifested through the scores obtained
in the end-of-course assessment. PBL, on the other hand, emphasizes the process
of problem solving. Assessment of ill-structured problem solving often relies
on a set or rubric for the holistic judgement of the process engaged in by the
learners and their justification of optimal solutions. It is far more difficult
to establish the reliability and validity of the assessment method - unlike the
simpler number crunching of objective tests. These issues are critical to
the adoption of PBL model in WBCL, both for the human resource manager and the
course instructor. For the human resource management, Return on Investment (ROI)
is a main concern. Conducting a training course can be considered as a kind of
investment in human resource development; and the return is often measured on
the basis of training outcome. If a course can be completed within a shorter period
of time, and with concrete assessment scores to represent training outcomes, it
is more convenient and easier to justify the cost effectiveness of the training.
In comparison, PBL falls short in this aspect as it takes a longer time to implement,
and its benefits are often manifested in real world applications, which are not
easily measurable. Course Instructors The role of WBCL course
instructor is different with different models of instruction. In the traditional
didactic model, the instructor would assume the role of a subject matter expert,
contributing to the content knowledge and perhaps the instructional strategies.
Once the web-based course is developed, the learners are expected to interact
with the instructional materials and may clarify any doubts with the instructor
via various modes of online communication. In the PBL model, the instructor
similarly assumes the role of a subject matter expert during the course design
phase. However, equal emphasis is given to the implementation phase during which
dynamic interactions among learners, instructional materials and the instructor
form the critical mechanism for learning to occur. The instructor acts like a
juggler, handling various roles at different times. The instructor may have to
guide the learners when they are lost; prompt them when they miss the point; motivate
them to search for information; perform demonstration or modelling when they have
no clue on how to proceed; mediate a discussion among them; resolve conflicts
among them; or even inject a controversial point to provoke thinking. Such daunting
tasks can be the greatest obstacle that prevents instructors from adopting a PBL
model. Implications of PBL Model for Major Stakeholders of WBCL Implications
for Learners/Knowledge Workers The WBCL model aims to motivate learners
to be active problem solvers engaged in the learning process. The learners construct
their own meanings in different contexts and hence, will be more adaptable to
changes in their working environment. The main motivating factor is the focus
on real life problems with which the learners can identify and therefore possess
ownership of solutions. For the model to work successfully, however, it requires
learners to be active participants in the process. Given the complexity of ill-structured
problems, the problem-solving task can be daunting (Wood, 1983). Learners should
engage themselves as active problem solvers, chiefly responsible for the solutions
to the problems. If the learners still cling on to the mindset of passive learning,
that is, waiting for the instructor to pass on information - instead of constructing
their own knowledge, they may become easily frustrated and surrender to the problems. Implications
for Human Resource Manager The WBCL model based on PBL will only work
if HR managers play a pivotal role in developing a corporate culture for problem
solving. The HR manager should be aware of the pedagogical principles underlying
the PBL model and therefore the rationale for the delivery of such WBCL courses.
They should also realise the differences between the PBL model and traditional
didactic instruction in terms of learning activities, time- frame required, and
assessment methods. If not, incongruent expectations about the conduct of the
courses may occur and this learning model may fail. However, to have a well-customised
course, there must be collaboration with the service providers and openness on
the part of the HR managers to share company policies and case studies. The main
attraction for HR managers is that the WBCL model ensures that the problems are
authentic and specific to the corporation, and hence, prepare employees better
for real-world, work-based problems. Implications for WBCL Service Providers To
design with a PBL model is extremely challenging. The instructional designer has
to select or design appropriate problems that authentically reflect the complexity
of real life problems (Jonassen, 1997), to decide on appropriate scaffolding to
support learners, to engage learners in active participation, to monitor learning
progress, to probe for higher order thinking, to facilitate collaborative learning,
to monitor and adjust level of task difficulty, and to withdraw the scaffolding
gradually. Conclusion The WBCL model constructed in this paper,
based on the PBL approach with concept maps to scaffold the learning process,
provides a pedagogically sound approach to WBCL. By applying the model in the
design and development of a course, the paper has described how the opportunities
of Internet technologies can be harnessed to help learners apply knowledge and
skills acquired in the course to real life problems. Although the course is still
in the process of development and no evaluation has been done on the course (implementation
is at the end of 2001), the authors have highlighted various implications of the
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of the company has been changed to ensure anonymity. |